Names and parts

Scientific name

Types

Location

Active ingredients

Traditional uses

Observed effects

Ref.

Black cumin

(Seeds)

Nigella sativa L.

Unani,

ayurvedik

Indian subcontinent, Middle East, North Africa

Thymoquinone,

nigellidine, α-hederin, thymol,4-terpineol, carvacrol, carvone, tanethol, α-pinene, steroids, terpenes coumarins, etc

Hypertension, fever, flu, dyspepsia, rheumatism, diabetes, asthma, cough, bronchitis, headache, paralyses, influenza, skin eruptions, vomiting, etc.

-Showed immunotherapeutic effects against Newcastle disease virus

-Reduced virus shedding and enhanced immune responses against the effect of avian influenza in turkeys

-Significant decrease in serum level concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO)

-Significantly improved hepatitis C virus(HCV) viral load in human subjects

-Significantly reduced the systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, means arterial pressure, and heart rate in human subjects.

-Human volunteers witnessed a decrease in clinical symptoms, including nasal itching, rhinorrhea, sneezing attacks, nasal congestion, turbinate hypertrophy, and mucosal pallor.

-Significant enhancements were observed in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), peak expiratory flow (PEF), serum interferon-γ, and asthma control test (ACT) score in human subjects.

-Considerably reduced the risk of lung damage in rats

-Antimalarial activity in Swiss albino mice

-Protective effects against rheumatoid arthritis. Significantly reduced the serum levels of HNE, IL-1β, TNFα and bone turnover markers.

-Combined effect with α-lipoic acid(α-LA), L-carnitine reduced elevated blood glucose level in diabetic rat model

-Boiled extract of caused significant increases inpulmonary function tests (PFTs), showed potent antiasthmatic effect on asthmatic airwaysin human patients

-Reductions in fasting blood sugar (FBS) and  HbA1c,increased the β-cell functions.

-Markedly decreased the function of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and an increase in surfactant protein D in lung tissue

-Increased the suppressor function of Mφ in spleen andantiviral showed activity against murine cytomegalovirus in mice

-Boiled aqueous extracts improve all asthmatic symptoms, asthma symptom/week, chest wheeze in patients

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[35]

[48]

[31]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[36]

[52]

[53]

Licorice

(Roots, flowers, leaves)

Glycyrrhizaglabra

Ayurvedik,

Chinese medicine

Western Asia, China, Central Asia, Southern Europe, Middle East.

Glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhizic acid, liquiritin, isoliquiritin,isoflavones, etc

Cough, cold, strength and endurance, chest and lung diseases, bronchial asthma, arthritis, swelling, heart diseases, etc.

-Inhibitedthe release of infectious HCV particles.GL augmented IFN-induced reduction of virus in the HCVcc system (in-vitro)

-Reduced HMGB1 binding to DNA and inhibited the influenza virus polymerase activity (in-vitro)

- Hospitalization case reduced, lower body temperature 24 to 48 h after admission in influenza and upper respiratory tract infection (in human subjects)

-Inhibit HIV (in-vitro)

-Inhibits H5N1 influenza (in-vitro)

-Effective against rotavirus (in-vitro)

-Effective against duck hepatitis virus (in-vivo)

-Anti-diabetic effects in rats

-Inhibits the replication of SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in-vitro

-Virus penetration and proliferation reduced in vitro MARC 145 cells

-Inhibiting virus replication in yellow fever, dengue, and west nile virus (in vitro Vero cells)

-Inhibiting entry of herpes simplex virus (HSV1) (in vitro Vero cells)

-Cured diarrhea, improved small intestinal lesions and fecal virus shedding, reduced intestinalinflammation (in vivo; 3 days agedcolostrum-deprived piglets) against porcino virus

-Inhibited the SARS viral growth (in vitro Vero cells)

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

Echinacea

(Leaves, roots, whole plants rhizome)

Echinacea spp.

Ayurvedik,

Chinese medicine

North America, Canada, China

Different alkamides, phenolic, propanoids, acids, and volatile oils

Snakebites, septic wounds, sore throats, blood purifiers, flu and colds, skin ulcers and burns, toothaches, etc.

-Echinaforce (E. purpurea based hotdrink) improves influenza in patients

-Prevention of common cold episodes in human subjects

-Inhibits the dissemination and replication of influenza virus (in vitro)

-Immuno-pharmacological activity (in vitro)

-Antiviral activity against HSV-1 (in vitro)

-Increased life span in leukemic mice

-Induce CD34+ stem cell mobilization and homing to myocardial tissue in rats.

-Showed positive outcome in the management of ulcerative colitis in rats

-New Echinacea formulations at greater doses cleared viruses faster in individuals with acute RTI than preventive formulations.

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]