Strategies

Advantages

Ref.

Liposomes

Enhance corneal absorption of the drug

[74]

Viscosity modification

Improve ocular residence time

[75]

Niosomes

Chemical stability, improve bioavailability, and lower toxicity

[76]

Microemulsion

Increase drug solubility and corneal membrane permeability

[77]

Nanosuspension

Improve drug solubility and bioavailability, negligible irritant property

[78]

Ocular implants

The systemic side effects of the drug get reduced. Avoids restrictive blood ocular barrier. Releases medication for an extended period.

[79]

Insoluble inserts

Increases ocular residence time. Targeted drug delivery to specific ocular tissues. Avoids sensitivity responses related to preservatives to reduce the need for them.

[80]

Soluble inserts

Prolonged drug release and increased residence time.

[81]

Intravitreal injections

Highest retinal and vitreal bioavailability.

[82]