Assessing drug repurposing option for emerging viral diseases: concerns, solutions, and challenges for forthcoming viral battles

Table 3. List of drugs that could be repurposed for a range of different emerging viral diseases.

SL. no.	Virus	Drug	Drug Mechanism	Ref.
1.	Chikungunya	Sofusbuvir	Inhibits RNA polymerase of the virus	[62]
		Mycophenolic acid	Inhibits viral nucleic acid synthesis. (Non-competitive inhibitor of IMPDH)	[65]
		Miltefosine	Alkylphosphocholine drug	[66]
		Curcumin	Demethoxycurcumin can interfere with the CHIKV membrane and restricts virulence	[70]
		Ribavirin	Inhibition of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), leading to depletion of GTP pools, as well as inhibition of viral RNA capping	[71]
2.	Influenza	Nitazoxanide	Mechanism unknown	[80]
2.	Influenza	Favipiravir (T-705)	Inhibits the incorporation of ATP and GTP by the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), leading to chain termination	[82]
3.	Ebola	Chloroquine	Inhibits cytokine production	[93]
3.	Ebola	Amiodarone	Ion channel blocker restricts viral entry into the host cell.	[95]
4.	Coronavirus	Remdesivir	RNA polymerase inhibitor	[103]
4.	Coronavirus	Choloroquine	Inhibits cytokine production	[93]
5.	Herpes Simplex Virus	Acyclovir	Inactivates viral DNA polymerase	[115, 116]
5.	Herpes Simplex Virus	Ciclopirox	-
6.	Dengue	Prochlorperazine	Inhibits clathrin-dependent endocytosis, important for entry of virus	[120]
		Ivermectin	Targeting virus NS3 helicase activity	[122]
		Lovastatin	Effects glycosylation	[123]
7.	Zika	Azithromycin	Inhibition of mRNA	[51]
8.	Human Papilloma Virus	Cidovir	Cell proliferation and apoptosis	[132]
8.	Human Papilloma Virus	Acyclovir	-
9.	Hepatitis C	Chlorcyclizine	-
		Sofosbuvir	Inhibits RNA polymerase	[62]
		Ribavirin	Inhibits viral capping	[136]
10.	Human Immunodeficiency Virus	Auranofin	Promotes differentiation and apoptosis of the memory CD4⁺ T-cell	[138]
10.	Human Immunodeficiency Virus	Lopinavir-Ritonavir	Protease inhibitor	[140]