Biological activity

Plant parts

Effective doses

Targets

Nature of actions

Class of compounds

Compounds

Ref

Anticancer

Leaf

500-1000 mg/kg BW^a

Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells in Swiss albino mice

Arresting the tumor growth; Decreasing the volume and weight of tumor as well as the viable tumor cell count

Flavonoids and saponins

-

[42]

167.16–98.07 μg/ml

196.27–131.56 μg/ml

K562 cell line; and HeLa cell lines

Inducing apoptosis in both K562 and HeLa cells with reduction in tumor weight

Flavonoids

-

[43]

Whole plant

20 μg/ml

HL-60 cell line

Apoptosis in HL-60 cell line and reducing cell viability vigorously

-

-

[74]

Aerial parts

-

CNS glia, breast, and lung tumor cells

Antiproliferative activity against three cancer cell lines mediated by specific structural feature of the phytochemicals

Sesquiterpene lactones

Mikanolides, miscandenine, achalensolide, xerantholide, micrantholides, and 8-epi-mikanokryptin

[3]

Anti

bacterial

Whole plant

200 mg/ml

B. subtilis MTCC441, B. cereus MTCC430, S. aureus MTCC96, E. coli MTCC739, P. aeruginosa MTCC1688, and S. epidermidis MTCC435

Inhibited both gram positive and negative strains with similar potency

Alkaloids, phenolics,

tannins, steroids, and glycosides

-

[19]

20 µl

P. aeruginosa, S. typhii, S. aureus, and S. pneumoniae

Inhibited both gram positive and gram negative bacteria

Tannins, polyphenols, alkaloids, saponins, and triterpenoids

-

[74]

300 μg/disc

S. aureus, B. cereus, E. coli, and S. sonnii

Mild to moderate inhibitory activity against four bacteria

-

-

[14]

Leaf and Flower

500 μg/ml (MIC)^b

1000 μg/ml (MBC)^c

S. aureus MTCC1927, and S. pyogenes MTCC3160

Moderate inhibitory potency against both bacteria

-

-

[2]

Leaf

-

S. epidermis ATCC12228

Significant inhibitory activity against S. epidermis

Alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins

-

[22]

62.5-125 mg/l (MIC)

125-250 mg/l (MBC)

S. aureus, B. subtilis, M. luteus, B. cereus, R. solanacearum, X. oryzae pv. oryzae, X. campestris pv. vesicatoria, and X. campestris pv. citri

Antibacterial effect against all bacterial isolates

Sesquiterpene lactones

Deoxymikanolide, scandenolide, dihydroscandenolide, mikanolide, dihydromikanolide, and m-methoxy benzoic acid

[5]

Stem, Leaf, Inflorescence

0.5 – 4.0 μg/μl (MIC)

B. subtilis ATCC6633, and

E. coli ATCC6051

Both strains were sensitive to all three plant extracts

-

-

[21]

Antifungal

Leaf

21.44-53.18 mg/l (IC₅₀)^d

E. turcicum, C. lagenarium, P. cubensis, and B. cinerea

Inhibition of spore germination of fungal species

Sesquiterpene lactones

Deoxymikanolide, scandenolide, dihydroscandenolide, mikanolide, dihydromikanolide, and m-methoxy benzoic acid

[5]

Aerial parts

0.5-2.0 mg/ml

E. floccosum var. nigricans, M. canis, M. gypseum, and T. rubrum

Completely inhibited the growth of tested fungi

-

-

[2]

Whole plant

-

F. moniliforme, F. eridiforme, F. proliferatum, and S. rolfsii

Different extracts varied in antifungal activities; methanol extract showed good inhibitory activity against F. moniliforme and F. proliferatum

Glycosides, and quinones

-

[29]

Anti-

parasitic

Aerial parts

-

T. cruzi (epimastigotes), and L. braziliensis (promastigotes)

Significant antiprotozoal activity was found for organic extract while aqueous extract showed low to moderate activity

Sesquiterpene lactones

Mikanolide, deoxymikanolide, dihydromikanolide, and scandenolide

[35]

Leaf

50 mg/ml

P. posthuma

Paralysis and death of adult earthworm

Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenolics, and tannins

-

[36]

Anti-inflammatory

Leaf

200 mg/kg

BW

Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema

Inhibition of acute and sub-acute inflammation

-

-

[39]

Whole plant

-

Human erythrocytes

Inhibition of inflammation at concentration dependent manner

Terpenoids and tannins

-

[14]

Aerial parts

1 μM

Mouse ear model edema induced by tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA)

Inhibition of ear inflammation

Sesquiterpene lactones

15-O-4′-hydroxy-methacryl-micrantholide, 15-O-4′-hydroxymethacryl-14-acetoxy-micrantholide, 15-O-3′-chloro-2′-

hydroxy-isobutyryl-micrantholide, and 15-O-2′-hydroxyisobutyryl-

micrantholide

[3]

Stem, Leaf

Inflorescence

1 mg/ear

TPA-induced male mice ear edema

Significantly inhibited ear inflammation in mice

-

-

[21]

Anti-

diabetic

Leaf

150 mg/kg BW

200 mg/kg BW

Alloxan-induced diabetic male Spargue Dawley rats

Reduction of blood glucose level after 20 days

-

-

[48,

49]

Anti-

oxidant

Aerial parts

16.24–21.67 μM (EC₅₀)^e

2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (2,2-DPPH)

DPPH radical

scavenging activity

Phenolic compounds

(+)-isolariciresinol, caffeic acid, ethyl protocatechuate, and protocatechuic aldehyde

[54]

Leaf

41.8 μg/ml (IC₅₀)

1,1-DPPH

DPPH radical

scavenging activity

Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenolic compounds and tannins

-

[36,

53]

Wound healing

Whole plant

Male Wistar strain albino rats

Moderate wound healing activity

-

-

[59]

Leaf

7 μg/ml and

15 μg/ml

BJ cell line (human fibroblast), Rats

Wound healing significantly accelerated at lower concentrations; and Improving the percentage of wound contraction

-

-

[48,

57]